You're Smarter Than You Think: Part 4

Unlocking Your Potential


I've tried to reinforce that you are likely more intellectually capable than you may think. Unfortunately, I can't offer too many answers to the question of how to maximize these intellectual capabilities (if I could, I think I'd be rich). Instead, I've compiled an brief list based on multiple robust studies and what has historically been effective for many people. I'm sure the list will continually grow as we build better bridges to ply the gap between intangible psychology and pseudo-tangible cognitive neuroscience. In the meantime, here is my rudimentary list:

• A wide variety of balanced activities help expand the mind. This includes activities like sports, music and other extra-curricular activities. I already talked about TV and video games as they relate to children, but even in adults their use for entertainment purposes should be minimized. There are many educational TV programs and video games, but on average even the most academic ones tend to be more of a hindrance to learning compared with other activities. That said, there was a recent contestant on Jeopardy who said that she learns her facts from television documentaries and almost never reads books.


• In mathematics, repetition has proved very effective when it comes to improving performance. This is the basis of programs like the Kumon method. I do not generally endorse Kumon as as I think it's math fixation lacks cognitive balance. In principle though, these types of mind exercises (crosswords, puzzles, brain teasers, etc.) are all very effective.


• Adequate sleep improves short term memory and concentration. That could mean that, pulling an all-nighter to study doesn't necessarily improve performance in the exam that follows. That said, this is only a rule of thumb as adrenaline can reverse some of the effects of sleep deprivation on a temporary basis (i.e. prior to a major exam). Caffeine helps prevent drowsiness but does very little for memory and concentration. Generally speaking, recreational drugs are bad for the intellect and some even cause permanent and irreversible brain damage.

Opening Your Mind

Albert Einstein has acquired the reputation of being one of the smartest minds of the 20^th century. He rejected the assumption that time and space are absolute, and postulated the special theory of relativity. Not surprisingly, even the most respected scientists initially thought the idea that time was relative rather than absolute was nonsense. It was not until several years later when Einstein's abstract theory was considered proven by a celestial event that it became openly accepted by the scientific community. Among other things, Einstein's work produced the world's most famous equation, E=mc², and eventually gave us the ability to recreate the energy of the sun (nuclear fusion/fission). Later in life, Einstein, like many of us, allowed age and experience to become a barrier to openness of thought. Although he was one of the scientists that helped develop quantum mechanical theory, he had notable difficulty accepting one of the philosophical consequences of it (a probabilistic universe rather than a deterministic one). Einstein was better than most in that he gave this consequence due consideration before saying he was "convinced that [God] does not play dice" with the universe.

Quite often people dismiss an idea as being stupid before giving it any real consideration. Unfortunately, this approach deprives them of a potential learning opportunity. That doesn't mean all ideas are good ones; it simply means all ideas need due consideration before they are dismissed. Even the least capable people can have great ideas and the brightest of people can come up with stupid ones. In response to a question, one of my old teachers once joked, "You're ask a really stupid question for such a smart student. [comedic pause] I'm just kidding... you're not that smart." On the other hand, let me end te final installment with an idea that will always be sincere:

You're smarter than you think.

You're Smarter Than You Think: Part 3

Learning How To Be 'Smart'
Up until this point, I haven't defined what I mean by the word smart. First, I will define intelligence: it is both the ability and capability to learn, comprehend, retain and process information via cognitive function. Note that there is a subtle but important difference between ability and capability. Ability relates to a current skill. Capability has an emphasis on potential and is future-oriented; a young person, for example, can still be considered intelligent even if his adult counterpart currently holds more wisdom and knowledge. This is analogous to how a young sports professional in his rookie year compares his veteran counterpart. We tend to associate the word 'smart' with current intellectual ability rather than capability; with current knowledge rather than potential. I suspect this is because while ability is quantifiable, capability can be very difficult to measure. IQ tests are designed to measure intellectual ability and not capability, which is why they require age adjustments. Even in this capacity IQ tests remain imperfect as they are good at measuring some types of brain functions and not very good at measuring others. Just because a toddler can't solve a complex differential equation now, it doesn't mean he or she can't in the future.

Some people use the analogy of the brain being like a muscle. The brain is of course physiologically very distinct from a muscle, but the key similarity is that both can adapt and grow to meet the demands of external stimuli. This is why the sports professional does weight training: to optimize muscle tone, strength and response. When the analogous response happens in the brain, cognitive psychologists call the process learning.

Neuron Gila interaction by Khazaei(cc)

It's quite astonishing how often people can lose sight of the fact that humans have the prodigious capability to learn. I had a grade three teacher who told my mom on parent's night that she could tell I was "not very smart." She was categorically right; and because she was right, she had a job as an educator to facilitate learning and help make myself and my peers smarter. Recently, The Lens (CBC) aired a documentary on the Arrowsmith School called "Fixing My Brain". The school's curriculum is designed to help students overcome learning disabilities by focusing on cerebral learning and pattern recognition exercises rather than traditional academic fact-based learning. Skeptics of the Arrowsmith program voiced their opinion of the program in this documentary as being unpractical with few demonstrable results. The the efficiencies of the program's methods undoubtedly need to be subjected to scrutiny. At the same time, traditional north American schools can also be criticized in the way they deal with learning disabilities. Currently, students diagnosed with a learning disability are given very lenient time-frames to complete assignments, tests and exams. This is conceptually unpractical at best and excessively magnanimous at worst. On the other hand, the objective of the Arrowsmith program is to resolve the student disability rather than providing the students with a crutch for the rest of their lives (whether it meets this objective or not is not for me to say). In either case, constructive criticism of the existing methods is both necessary and productive, but to question the ability of the children to learn and improve their intellectual ability is fundamentally wrong.

People with learning disabilities (LD) are sometimes misunderstood for people low intellectual capability, yet the two are considered mutually exclusive. Instead they are people who have trouble accessing the traditional learning pathways. Dyslexia (trouble reading and writing), dyspraxia (neural motor skill dysfunction) and ADHD (a nonstandard LD that interferes with learning nonetheless) are some examples of neurological disabilities and disorders, which are considered by neurologists to be independent of intelligence. As I said in my last post, television and video games can increase the probability of a child developing severe learning disabilities, and this increased risk is proportional to the amount of the child spends doing these activities.

It is also important not to become unduly fixated on the idea of learning disabilities or to use them as an exonerating excuse for everything. Many conditions can lead to a medical diagnosis of multiple cognitive incapacities. Improper nutrition, insufficient sleep, psychological depression, drugs and alcohol, emotional stress among many other things can lead to creating an atmosphere where learning is effectively disabled. In poor neighbourhoods, where children go to school hungry, virtually every child effectively has a learning disability although they are rarely diagnosed. Parents and educators alike need to shine the spotlight on how to harness capability rather than find reasons to excuse disability.

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In part 4, I will talk about the world of intelletual possibilities that can be opened if we are able to optimize our intellectual capability to learn.

"Fixing my Brain" will be re-aired on Tuesday December 30 at 10pm EST on CBC Newsworld.


Video Promo: "Fixing My Brain" [1:02 min]

The Arrowsmith School will also be looked at in another CBC documentary called "The Brain That Changes Itself", which will air at 8pm on Thursday November 27.

You're Smarter Than You Think: Part 2

In The Beginning
The first conspicuous opportunity for us to learn starts at birth. Never again does learning happen at such an accelerated pace than in the first few months when a newborn begins to uncover the world through the perceptive stimuli of his or her environment. While developing the senses of sight, taste, smell, hearing and touch, the newborn begins to learn how to consciously interact with this environment beyond the subconscious brilliance inherited through the parental genetic fingerprint.

Baby in Hand by Aldo Risolvo

According to Dr. Robert Titzer, a California-based infant researcher "[t]he natural window of opportunity to learn opens at birth and begins to close at the age of four." In an article written by Matthew Coutts, Dr. Titzer recommends to parents that they should be reading to their babies by the time they are 3 months old (article).

Unfortunately, the National Post article overshoots the purpose of the early-reading recommendation. It's not meant to mold the baby into a child prodigy; it's to give the child a good start to life the same way that a parent focuses on good post-natal nutrition. A newborn is a sponge for the knowledge that their surroundings offer and they will learn considerably more from a used children's book than they will from a Baby Einstein DVD. Unlike the DVD, the book allows the child to interact directly with the learning tool at his or her own pace. Furthermore, the action of reading helps strengthen the communication bond between parent and child in a way that the unilateral television-based visual tool will not do. An increasing number of studies directly link television to decreased learning ability in addition to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other learning disabilities. The challenge for most parents is finding the time to read because television is a very effective distractor for babies thus freeing up time in a busy parent's life. This also implies that the parent needs to significantly reduce and ideally eliminate the hours he or she spends watching television, which is by no means an easy lifestyle change to make. There are some who believe that television is exploited by the elite and wealthy as a means to keep people from moving up into higher socioeconomic classes in a globalized world where the opportunity to learn and gain knowledge is so widely accessible. Proponents of this theory note that many highly educated parents do not let their children watch any television at all. Literacy rate is a strong indicator of economic wealth and while even the poorest neighbourhoods in the United States now have television, they also have alarmingly low functional literacy rates. This digression to the connection between television, literacy and socioeconomic wealth is another topic in itself.

Taking a step back to when a newborn first opens his or her eyes, this moment is the only time in a person's life when intellectual capacity exists in a way that is effectively unaltered by the external environment. Psychologist Cyril Burt termed this intellectual capacity 'innate general cognitive ability'. It is essentially the genetically inherited capacity to gain intelligence. Unfortunately, we have no way to measure this quantity and thus there is no way to determine how smart one can realistically become. What really matters though, is that babies are nurtured to make optimum use of the available learning channels.

Coming up in my next post, I will define the 'smart' adjective in 'You're Smarter Than You Think.'

You're Smarter Than You Think: Part 1

In my June post, I predicted why Barack Obama would be the 44th president of the United States, and at the end of that post, I said that I would discuss his flaws and strengths in detail in a later post. In the spirit of political rhetoric, I will 'refine' this promise: such a posting will be indefinitely suspended due to the over saturation of media coverage on the subject of Barack Obama.

The McCain 'straight-talk express' translation: I don't think anyone needs or wants to hear any more about Barack Obama right now. Anyone wanting to know more about him, his ideals or his policies can (and will) consult the multitude of media on the subject including--but not limited to--the two books he has authored.

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photo by allie^TM

Introduction

So instead of talking about Obama, I will use the former Vice Presidential candidates as an introduction to my next topic, a series of posts I call "You're Smarter Than You Think".

Contrary to popular belief, Sarah Palin is not unintelligent. Clearly she has not spent an inordinate amount of time studying political science. For example, she could not name any supreme court decisions other than Roe versus Wade (nor can I, but both of us could learn). Lack of political knowledge could make a legitimate case that Palin was not quite ready to assume the role of vice president, but it says little about her raw intelligence. Her former counterpart, Vice President-elect Joe Biden, has become an expert at giving the public the illusion of political knowledge. He certainly does have political knowledge, but the number of times he misspeaks is quite worrisome if one assumes he makes policy decisions based on this flawed knowledge. In some university and college multiple choice tests, the examinee is penalized marks for incorrect answers. In such a test, I'm not sure Joeseph Biden would score any higher than Sarah Palin on the political science front. It's really quite amazing how many of these smart-sounding people get themselves into positions of responsibility. They make themselves sound smart to create the illusion that the are smart. They often find themselves saying that they are smart, perhaps because they are compensating for their fear that they are not smart enough. The "You're Smarter Than You Think" series is not intended for these types of people who think they are smarter than they are. It is intended for those who underestimate their capability and never reach their full potential as a result.

I was able to predict the winner of the election because of the poor fundamentals of the economy in addition to the low voter confidence in the incumbent party and not because I'm smarter than anyone else. Most people that know me are aware that I'm terrible at remembering names and birthdays, I can't solve a Rubik's cube, I'm not even 'smarter than a 5th grader', let alone a Jeopardy contestant. These facts should not limit myself (or anyone else) from doing anything I want to do in order to be successful. Knowledge is often misunderstood for intellectual capacity. The next series of posts will build on the story of why you very well could be smarter than you think.